History, Safety, Care, and Feeding

Of Period Guns

Erich von Kleinfeld, mka Dexter Guptill

http://members.cox.net/dguptill

1. A Brief History
1. 14^th Century: Earliest hand cannon, in 1326. An inventory in 1340 is the earliest reference to a portable firearm. By 1364, references to handheld firearms become common. These were miniature cannon barrels, some mounted on poles or handles, some simply built with a hook to fit over a fortification’s wall and soak up the recoil. First reference to these as "handguns", 1386. Late 14^th Century, slow-match – woven cord impregnated with nitrates by boiling with gunpowder.
2. 15^th Century: The stick gets shorter and thicker, mutating into a shoulder stock. Gunpowder is improved. Serpentines (pivoting metal bars with match clamps start to appear – as early as 1411 Matchlock becomes standard for 250 years. By the end of the 15^th, matchlocks have replaced hande-gonnes.
3. 16^th Century: The last 100 years of the SCA’s period show some advances. The wheellock comes in by 1510 Hunting guns feasible – no match for the game to smell. Pistols become practical. With the advent of civilian sporting arms, rifling becomes more common. Rifling appears in matchlock target pieces around 1495. Firelocks come in around the 1550s, with the Snaphaunce, miquelet and dog locks. While there may be true flintlocks dating from the SCA’s period, the earliest known surviving piece is from 1607 – just out of period.
Safety
1. The basics, for all guns
  1. The gun is always loaded. Doesn’t matter if you just cleared it, treat it like it’s loaded anyway.
  2. Never point it where you don’t want a hole. This includes at your own anatomy.
  3. Finger off the trigger (or other firing mechanism) until you’re ready to shoot.
  4. Never shoot unless you’re sure of your target and backstop. Remember, bullets go through things.
  5. Never load a piece unless you anticipate a need or plan to fire it.
2. Muzzleloading and Blackpowder safety
  1. Black powder is flammable – watch your flames and sparks.
  2. Always measure your charges. Pouring random amounts of powder down a gun makes it into a pipe bomb.
  3. Check with the maker or seller, what your gun’s proof rating is. Never exceed the proof rating.
  4. Mark your ramrod with an "empty" line. If it doesn’t go in to that line, there’s something in there.
  5. Drop a rammer down the barrel before leaving the firing line.
  6. Blackpowder guns are just as dangerous as modern ones – they just don’t shoot as quickly.
  7. For most period guns, you’re carrying around a burning rope, and gunpowder. Be careful.
  8. Paper cartridges may be just out of period, but they are your friend. A brazier and open powder barrel, aren’t.
Care and Feeding
1. Powder Charges
  1. Granulations – Fg, Cannon; FFg, heavy musket / light artillery; FFFg, light musket; FFFFg, priming.
  2. Charges – Start around 50 grains (about 1/9) ounce, and work up. Ball loads are MUCH lighter than blank.
2. Loading
  1. Point the gun in a safe direction.
  2. If it has a pan cover, fill the pan with powder and shut the cover. If it doesn’t, save a pinch of powder when pouring the main charge.
  3. Turn the muzzle up, still pointing slightly down range. Pour in the main charge, saving a pinch for the pan if you haven’t primed already.
  4. Ram down the charge. Return the piece to level, in a safe direction.
  5. If you have a firing mechanism, prepare it.
    1. Wheel or firelock – cock or span the lock
    2. Matchlock – place the match in the jaws of the cock or serpentine

b. Fire.

Open the pan if necessary.
Handegonne – touch the match to the priming powder.
Locked piece – pull trigger.

Handling misfires:
1. FREEZE, for 10 seconds
2. Re-prime, if necessary. Re-cock. Fire again.
3. If that doesn’t do it, clear the piece.
Cleaning

Sources:
1. NRA, Basic Black Powder
2. Jamestown Settlemen, Online Training Course for interpreters
3. Bert S. Hall: Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe.Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997